The Battle Of The Civil War - 1127 Words

America formed the United States through a revolution, which took place in the year 1776-83. However, this unity was first shaken by the Civil War because some states wanted to separate themselves from this unity that had lasted for approximately 100 years. The American Civil War is a historic affair and one of the bloodiest battles in history of the US (Engle, Krick, 2003). It is considered one of the bloodstained happenings in the history of the US because more than 600, 000 people died. A majority of this number were soldiers. This fatal battle happened between the years 1861 to 1865. The Civil War emerged because of several reasons. The causes of the civil war remain very argumentative and it is always seen as a complex issue because many people have several reasons why the war began. The difference of opinions between states in regard to slavery was major concern and the reason why the battle began (Engle, Krick, 2003). In 1850s, slavery was the reason of a huge political tension. In the Northern, the Republican Party worked hard to end the era of slavery. However, Southern had threatened a succession in case Abraham Lincoln would win the fourth coming election. During the campaigns, Lincoln had promised that he would bring an end to slavery and because of such promises; the Southern did not support him (McPherson, 2013). Despite the division and lack of support from one end, Abraham Lincoln won the election. The tension rose high because people from theShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Civil War Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the years 1861 to 1 865 the American Civil War took place and it is known as Americas bloodiest war. The cause of the Civil war was the debate between free states and slave states over the government trying to prohibit slavery. In 1860 Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States and ran on the platform to keep slavery out of the new unclaimed territories of the United States. Once Lincoln became president seven southern states seceded from the Union ultimately creating the ConfederateRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil war was one of the biggest turning points in United States history. The nation’s failure to compromise on the subject of slavery led to an outbreak of war. Battles such as Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Shiloh led to what we know of today as a free nation. Great technological advancements in weaponry led to mass casualties among both north and south, often making death inevitable. Those who bravely served and those who were forced to serv e lived a life of fear, starvation, and commitment toRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1191 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the Civil War started both sides thought the war would be over by Christmas. But little did they know this small war would turn into the deadliest war in American history. The Civil War was fought between the Confederacy and the Union. The Confederacy was consisted of Southern states that did not agree with the views of the Union states. After years of sectional differences in the United States between the north and south, tension between the states grew and a war between the north and southRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1073 Words   |  5 PagesThe Civil War was a war that was thought to would have lasted no longer than ninety days. After all was said and done, the war lasted more than four years and claimed tens of thousands of lives of both The Union and The Confederate States. There were several battles fought on Northern and Southern soil, battles that forced bloody mortal combat between brothers in the fight for equality amongst all men. It tested the strength of the foundation that the United States was built upon. The Civil War wasRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War960 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever wondered why the Civil War happened or why it was so substantial to American History? What was the battle that changed it all; that made it the history it is today? Many people have made speculations on the causes of the war and what the major turning point was, but cannot really narrow it down. In James McPherson’s Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam he points out the pivotal moments in American history that led up to and changed the Civil War, so that the reader can get a better insightRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1197 Words   |  5 PagesMarianna, FL. The battle will be virtually unknown in the history of the Civil War, but its success marked the longest successful incursion of Union troops into Florida (Cox, 2014). This raid had two goals; the first was to rescue the reported Union prisoners and the second was to liberate and enlist any slaves that were found along the route (Calvin, 2014). The prisoners were not located, but more than 600 slaves were liberated along their route (Cox, 2014). The subsequent battle did not last longRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1163 Words   |  5 Pageshad already decided to secede from the Union. Those 7 states started the Confederate States of America, run by their own President, Jefferson Davis. This same issue was the catalyst for the Civil War which started on April 12, 1861. One of the major and well-known battles of the Civil War was the Battle of Gettysburg. It was on this backdrop that Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech that is â€Å"universally recognized by historians and scholars alike as the most famous and most important speech everRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1233 Words   |  5 PagesIt is evident that the Civil War helped shape America into the country it is today. The strong factional division -based on slavery- between the Union and the Confederacy guaranteed certain achievements of both sides. Much of what we consider history today remains a part of the outcome from these multiple bloody battles. Activist John Muir of the Civil War-era stated, â€Å"the traces of war are not only apparent on the broken fields, burnt fences, mills, and woods ruthlessly slaughtered, but also onRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1133 Words   |  5 Pagesfierce battles were fought to secure the rights and freedom of both men and women, irrespective of their religion, gender, and race. Of all of the battles, the American Civil War stands out. Divided into the Union and the Confederacy, the American civil war broke out after the southern states seceded due to slavery that spread in many parts of the country. The Civil War began in the year 1861 and ended four years later. The end result was the Union becoming victorious in 1865. The Civil War was aRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1736 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: As the first major battle of the Civil War the First Battle of Bull Run was an end to the illusions of a quick war and instead offered a first glimpse into the long and bloody four-year struggle the Civil War would become. In this paper the battle and its many repercussions across the political, social and military spectrum of the Union and Confederacy will be explored. Background: With the formation of the Confederate States and the outbreak of hostilities at Ft. Sumter only a few months

Iran Contra Affair Essays - 1707 Words

The Iran-Contra scandal had a big effect on the United States but it had a huge effect on Nicaragua. Through out 1985-86, the Reagan administration was selling weapons to Iran illegally in order to encourage Iran to free hostages in the Middle East. Meanwhile, the Reagan administration wanted to support the Contras in Nicaragua, a rebel group fighting to overthrow the Sandinista government. The administration decided to use the money made from selling arms to Iran, and had it sent to the Contras without passing through the United States. (Walsh, p2.) In this paper, I am going to provide the background of the situation. I will explain how the money from the missile sales was used to support the Contras. I will also tell how everything†¦show more content†¦In 1984, the CIA sowed mines in a major port in Nicaragua causing a severe amount of damage. The Contras took credit for this. But a few weeks later the press exposed the CIA involvement. In response, Congress passed a secon d Boland Amendment, which said that neither the CIA nor the Defense Department could fund the Contras, either directly or indirectly. From then on the administration worked through the National Security Council, and NSC staff member Oliver North. NSC William Clark established Office of Public Diplomacy for Latin America and the Caribbean (housed in State Department but reported to the NSC), Oliver North attended the meetings: responsible for all Contra affairs. Because the CIA was prohibited from operating inside the United States, Director William Casey had senior propaganda specialist Walter Raymond transferred to the NSC. As Raymond declared, his job was to â€Å"concentrate on gluing black hats on Sandinistas and white hats on Contras.† (Kornbluh, p.5) All this time, CIA intelligence analysts were saying that the Contras couldn’t win, even with American support. Robert Owen, Oliver North’s personal intermediary with the Contras is quoted as saying they were simply â€Å"profiteers.†1 Meanwhile, during 1985-86, as mentioned earlier, the Reagan administration was selling weapons to Iran illegally in order to encourage Iran to free hostages in the Middle East. After the 1979 hostage situation at the United States Embassy in Tehran,Show MoreRelatedThe Iran-Contra Affair1548 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iran-Contra Affair The Iran-Contra Affair was an underground operation within the CIA that was interwoven between two foreign policy issues that were unlikely to connect had the players in the ordeal not utilized one to benefit the other. In the early 1900’s, the United States aimed to protect its interests in Central America, specifically Nicaragua. The United States sent in troops of Marines to help maintain order in Nicaragua due to civil unrest over a Presidential dispute. The UnitedRead MoreIran-Contra Affair Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesIran-Contra: Crossing That Line I think everyone knew we were walking a very thin line.(Owen) Not many Americans know the truth that lies behind the Iran-Contra scandals. Most would be surprised to know about the deception of our leaders. Still today, some truth of Iran-Contra lies hidden in the conscience of the people who organized it, aided it, and went through with it. It started with good intentions, but soon was corrupted. Some may argue that we must do what we can to smother the flameRead MoreThe Iran Contra Affair1586 Words   |  7 PagesThe Iran Contra affair is historically defined as the â€Å"Reagan administration scandal that involved the sale of arms to Iran in exchange for its efforts to secure the release of hostages in Lebanon and the redirection of the proceeds of those sales to the Nicaraguan Contras.† As the Nicaraguan counterrevolutionaries, known as the Contras, began their efforts to retaliate against the Socialist Sandinista Regime, American government forces stepped in to suppor t the Contra cause in a hope to supportRead MoreEssay Iran-Contra Affair: The Diversion Scandal2952 Words   |  12 PagesIran-Contra Affair: The Diversion Scandal Eugene Hasenfus of Marinette, Wisconsin was captured when his cargo plane suffered damaging missile blows. Hasenfus’ outdated cargo plane was knocked from the sky as a result of Nicaraguan surface to air missiles. After notifying the office of the United States Vice-President, informants in both El Salvador and Costa Rica would scramble to assess and control a seemingly uncomplicated situation. While United States officials prepared to limit their damagesRead MoreThe Iran Contra Affair The Public1320 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Iran-Contra affair the public, as well as congress, were left in the dark about a deal was made with the enemy country of Iran to sell weapons to them to aid in their war with Iraq. Once sold the Profit were given to the Contras in Nicaragua. I will be arguing that advertising dollars, using the military as a source, and flak were used to skew the public’s perception of how the affair took place. When all of this began President Reagan had told Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, who alsoRead MoreThe Iran Contra Affair Case2511 Words   |  11 Pages The Iran Contra Affair Cpl Justin P. Cameron Cpl Justin P. Cameron CI HUMINT Research Paper The Iran Contra Affair The Iran Contra Affair The topic which I have been assigned to research for my application to lateral move into the 0211 Counter Intelligence MOS is the Iran Contra Affair. The Iran Contra Affair was essentially labeled as an, â€Å"arms for hostages deal,† which was politically charged and lead by different officials in the United States, including the President at theRead MoreThe Iran Contra Affair Was A Shocking Incident866 Words   |  4 PagesThe Iran-contra affair was a shocking incident nonetheless, two covert operations that took place under the Ronald Reagan administration. It was a secret operation that involved an agreement to provide funds or assets to the Nicaraguan contra fighter to aid them to overthrow their Marxist government. However, it was money gained from Iran weapons deals. The affair took place around the year 1980s and had two initiatives. First, was the agreement to help Contras that were at war with the SandinistaRead MoreThe Iran Contra Affair Involving Ronald Rea gan1059 Words   |  5 PagesIn class, we discussed the Iran-Contra Affair involving Ronald Reagan. However, we did not go in depth about public opinion, George H.W. Bush’s involvement, or how people feel about it today. This paper will seek to continue this topic. For example, the Iran-Contra polls showed that most Americans did not believe Regan’s cover stories, yet there was never a push for him to pay the political price, which would ultimately have been impeachment. Thus this paper will further attempt to understand theRead MoreTo What Extent was President Reagan’s Personal Role in the Iran-Contra Affair Significant?1831 Words   |  8 Pagesextent of significance of President Reagan’s role in the Iran-Contra affair in the 1980’s. Reagan’s role will be looked at while aiding the Nicaraguan Contras, releasing American hostages, both which led to the Iran-Contra affair, and during the cover up, in America and partly in Iran. An investi gation account and American history are mostly used to evaluate Reagan’s role. Two of the sources used in this essay, Firewall: The Iran-Contra conspiracy and cover-up written by Lawrence E. Walsh and TheRead MoreThe Iran Contra Scandal Was A Shocking And Nefarious Governmental Affair1246 Words   |  5 PagesThe Iran-Contra Scandal was a shocking and nefarious governmental affair which occurred during the executive administration of President Ronald Reagan. The affairs involved many people in the United States government and their dealings with other nations, and the congressional hearings which were held to expose the secrets and find the truth behind the scandal to determine who was involved and who would be deemed guilty of atrocious crimes (Vile). President Reagan arranged a deal with Iran, secretly

Cacao Leaves and Garlic as Mosquito Repelants free essay sample

â€Å"If you think you are too small to be effective, you have never been in bed with a mosquito. † -Betty Reese Mosquitoes are small but deadly. Everywhere you go, they are willing to suck your blood anytime. With their simple bites, they can cause you a great damage. Garlic has not just been considered a special food for the unique flavor it imparts, but also for its medicinal value. It is thought that garlic may be an alternative mosquito repellent for humans as well. In a field study conducted in India, a preparation made of one percent garlic oil, petroleum jelly and beeswax that was rubbed on the arms and legs of the study subjects was found to be effective in preventing mosquito bites for up to eight hours. In addition, there is some evidence that heavy consumption of garlic through supplements or well-flavored foods may help ward off mosquitoes. ( http://www. news. colostate. edu/Release/390) Nowadays, cacao is known for the production of cacao chocolate and cacao butter. It has shown its anti-HIV properties and its cacao fats have been used in many skin care products. But it can be also made as a mosquito repellant spray by its properties that are unappealing to mosquitoes. The researchers came up with the idea of mosquito repellent spray to help our community lessen the number of dengue victims nationwide at the same time to make an eco-friendly repellent spray because it is made from natural products or it is made from organic substances which biodegrades in the environment. With this, we could help lessen the number of increasing dengue incidents, at the same time we could help people to breathe air safely. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY There are a number of harmful side effects to most insect repelling products on the market today. The active ingredient in most of these products is called DEET (diethyl-meta-toluamide) which is so poisonous that even the Environment Protection Agency recommends the users to wash off their skin when they return indoors. Furthermore, the agency suggests to avoid breathing it in and not to spray it directly on face. Though DEET is used in hundreds of brands in varying concentrations, It is still a pesticide. Many consider DEET insect repellent to be harmless or even a beneficial mosquito repellent. Yet, it is a synthetic product that could harm mosquitoes it could also do damage to other living things. (hhtp://www. mercola. com/article/pesticides/deet. html) The mosquitoes are a family of small, midge-like flies: the Culicidae. Although a few species are harmless or even useful to humanity, most are considered a nuisance because they consume blood from living vertebrates, including humans. Mosquitoes have a battery of sensors designed to track their prey, including chemical, visual, and heat sensors. Typically, both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices, but in many species the mouthparts of the females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many species, the female needs to obtain nutrients from a blood meal before she can produce eggs, whereas in many other species, she can produce more eggs after a blood meal. Mosquitoes can act as vectors for many disease-causing viruses and parasites. Infected mosquitoes carry these organisms from person to person without exhibiting symptoms themselves. So all of us needs to be careful. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mosquito) Allium sativum (garlic) is a well known condiment or material in the kitchen to flavor the food. According to Tone Rico (http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_do_mosquitoes_hate), garlic is a very good substance to odorize a person’s sweat that will deter mosquitoes away from you for it will secrete through the sweat glands and blanket the sweet smell of blood in the body. Hence, the researchers opted this project because a mosquito repellent spray made up from Theobroma cacao (cacao leaves) and Allium sativum (garlic) will remove the health problems caused by commercial mosquito repellents such as skin hives, redness and irritation (due to allergic reaction), a burning sensation leading to blistering and permanent scarring of the skin, nausea and vomiting, stomach irritation, mood swings, insomnia, disorientation or confusion, numbness, clumsiness and seizures (particularly in smaller children). Moreover, Theobroma cacao and Allium sativum are easy to find. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Theobroma cacao Allium Sativum (bulb Fig. 1 Conceptual framework STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of Theobroma cacao leaves (cacao) and Allium sativum (garlic) extracts as a mosquito repellant. Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions. 1. What plant decoction can repel more mosquitoes? a. 150 grams of Theobroma cacao leaves boiled to 500 mL of water. b. 150 grams of Allium sativum (garlic) boiled to 500 mL of water. c. 150 grams of Theobroma cacao leaves and150 grams of Allium sativum boiled to 500 mL of water. 2. How effective is the decoction to repel mosquitoes based on the number of mosquitoes transferred to the other sides of the container in comparison to the commercial repellant? STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS Ho: There is no significant difference in the repellant activity of Theobroma cacao leaves (cacao) and Allium sativum (garlic) bulb at the same proportions. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY A mosquito repellant spray from plants do not brings out harmful substances that can risk the health of the people because it is an eco-friendly product which is safe to use. This investigation aims to make a mosquito repellent out of Theobroma cacao leaves (cacao) and Allium sativum (garlic) and to come up with a solution of the increasing number of dengue cases which is abound in Cebu. Families. Who want every member of it, safe from the mosquitoes carrying viruses (examples: dengue and malaria) who wish to buy a mosquito repellent spray which is cheaper, effective and safe to use, that they can assure that they would not inhale harmful substances instead of fresh, clean air; an air which is free from synthetic chemicals. Entrepreneurs. It is the pleasure of the entrepreneurs to have a cheaper, good quality repellent spray that is trend to the public which they can sell it at affordable price. Mother Earth. Mother Earth is the center of all beneficiaries in the study for it is an eco-friendly product. It helps save Mother Earth from the air pollutant brought by commercial mosquito repellent sprays by using natural products which biodegrades in the environment. Researchers. This study helps the researcher to know more about Theobroma cacao leaves (cacao) and Allium sativum (garlic). Another thing, they could also benefit in a way of expanding their knowledge about the mosquitoes and repellent sprays. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS This study dealt with the production of a mosquito repellent which is made from non-synthetic, organic chemicals which are environmentally friendly. It was focused on the decoction of Theobroma cacao leaves and the bulb of Allium sativum at various proportions to determine the concentration which can repel the most number of mosquitoes. This project was limited to two varieties of plants only namely Theobroma cacao and Allium sativum. Only the leaves of the former were gathered since they were easy to collect and were just given for free. Allium sativum, on the other hand, is used as condiment in every household in the Philippines. As such, it abounds in the market and is inexpensive. The subjects of this research were mosquitoes. They were reared from wigglers in each of the 3 mosquito cages inside a beaker which contained 500mL of plain water. They were fed with dry leaves. When the adult emerged, they were fed with sugar solutions since it is the main food of the adult mosquitoes (Foster, 1995). Identification of the mosquitoes was beyond the scope of the study since the researchers only wanted to determine the effectiveness of the aforementioned plants as repellent. The study was conducted from December 5, 2013– January 17, 2014 in Talamban National High School since Barangay Talamban ranks second in the dengue fever cases from January-June 2013 (Dengue Fever Surveillance, 2013). DEFINITION OF TERMS For the purpose of this project and to facilitate the comprehension of this work, the terms hereafter mentioned are hereby defined. Decoction. It is the process in which the leaves of Theobroma cacao and Allium Sativum were heated to extract the substances which can repel the mosquitoes. Proportions. It refers to the various weights of Theobroma cacao and Allium Sativum. Repellant. It is behavior exhibited by the mosquitoes which are treated with the product to transfer to the untreated half of the cage. METHODOLOGY An experimental method of research was used to test the effectiveness of the decoction of Theobroma cacao leaves and Allium sativum bulb. As mosquito repellant, decoction was done to the plants and was applied to adult mosquitoes. MAKING OF THE CAGE A cubic form cage measured 15†x15† was prepared. A mosquito net which measured 15†x15† was attached on the cubic form cage so that the adult mosquitoes cannot escape from it. In attaching the mosquito net, a ? nail was used. Then, the cut mosquito net was fastened also at the middle part of the cage. This would separate the area in the cage where the application of the product would be done. A hole was made in it where a tissue tube from the tissue papers with a diameter of 2. 7 cm had served as the passage way of the mosquitoes to the other side of the cage as they were repelled. A small opening which measured 5†x5† at the top of the cage was made. It served as the opening for putting the collected mosquitoes, for feeding of the adult mosquitoes and for the testing of the product. And the three cages were labeled set-ups A,B and C. PREPARATION OF MATERIALS Fresh cacao leaves were weighed scale at 150 grams, the garlic bulb were also weighed into 150 grams and another 150 grams of cacao leaves and 150 grams of garlic were weighed for the experiment. Each weighed garlic bulbs were peeled and crushed using the mortar and pestle separately. DECOCTIONPROCEDURE The 150 grams washed cacao leaves and 150 grams of skinless, crushed garlic were boiled in a 500 mL of water within 15-20 minutes on a medium fire separately. Another 150 grams of cacao leaves and 150 grams of skinless, crushed garlic were also boiled together in a 500 mL of water within 15-20 minutes on a medium fire. The products were filtered using the filter paper and were place inside a container. The cacao decoction was labeled as set A, garlic decoction was labeled set B and the mixture of cacao and garlic decoction was labeled set C. REARING OF MOSQUITOES The researchers were able to collect sixty (60) mosquitoes in which twenty (20) mosquitoes for each cage by rearing them. Four black plastic cups of equal sizes were filled with 100mL of clean tap water. Decaying leaves were placed in each of the cups. They were placed inside the 4 classrooms of Talamban National High School to collect the eggs. After a week, the mosquito traps were collected. They were placed inside the school laboratory for hatching which took 2-3 days. When hatched, the wrigglers were poured into a basin and were counted. A 100mL of clean, tap water with dry leaves was placed in each of the three beakers and twenty wrigglers were transferred in each of the set-ups using a small fish net. The three beakers were placed inside the three cages and left there for 2-3 days. They also prepared a sugar solution. 25 grams of sugar was added to a 100mL of water (Foster, 1995). It was stirred until dissolved in a beaker and transferred the solution in a container. A three (3) ball of cottons were moistened with the sugar solution in which each cotton ball was placed on a small plastic container. These containers were placed inside each cage in order to feed the adult mosquitoes. PRODUCT TESTING Three (3) cotton balls were prepared for each of the set-ups and were placed inside each of the cages with mosquitoes ( Bernard, n. d) . The first cotton was moistened with twenty (20) sprays of repellant A (150 grams of cacao leaves) while the second cotton ball was also sprayed twenty (20) times with repellant B (150 grams of garlic) and lastly the third cotton ball was sprayed twenty (20) times with repellant C (150 grams of cacao leaves and 150 grams of garlic) . They were left for four minutes inside the mosquito cages. After which, the number of mosquitoes which transferred to the other side of the cage was counted, tallied and recorded. The same was also done for the mosquitoes which were left in the cage. The same procedure was done with the other two cages. Statistically, is of data was also done. TREATMENT OF DATA The data gathered from actual observation were recorded, statistical treated, analyzed and interpreted. The formulas for statistical treatment used were: TSS=? X? ?(? X? )/N Where TSS= total sum of square X= individual values in each column N= total sample size SSB=(? Xc)? n-(? 1X1)? /N Where SSB= sum of squares within columns ?xc= sum of the individual values per column n= size of the sample per column SSW=TSS-SSB Where SSW= sum of squares within column. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Garlic can be used to repel a variety of crawling and flying insects, including mosquitoes. According to Patrick Parker, SavATree Plant Health Care Program Director, one treatment with garlic is effective for 2 weeks and can repel insects for up to one month. Moreover, garlic is easy on the environments. Parker states, â€Å"It is a natural extract and does not affect insects that are beneficial to suburban landscapes. † Garlic bulbs contain an amino acid that converts to a substance called allicin when crushed, blended or chopped. The characteristic odor released as a result of this process has powerful properties. : When garlic extract is absorbed by a plant, biochemical changes take place in its foliage which cause it to actively repel insects,† says Parker, â€Å" In short, plants are provided with a long-lasting case of â€Å"garlic breathe† that causes insects to move elsewhere. † However, the treatment is odorless to humans within minutes of application. Insects are naturally repulsed by the presence of the botanical extract. Therefore, they do not build up a resistance to garlic treatments. Garlic can also be applied to many sensitive trees, shrubs and turf that traditional treatments would harm. Parker added, â€Å"I get excited whenever a natural solution produces results that are effective enough to compete on a large scale with synthetic products. † (http://www. savatree. com/garlic-insect-repellent. html) Garlic, a common staple found in countless kitchens and recipes worldwide, long has been considered a special food not just for the unique flavor it imparts, but also for its medicinal value. Most of its therapeutic value, as well as its flavor and odor, can be attributed to sulfur compounds contained within the garlic clove. In recent years, garlic has been widely studied for its role in promoting health. There is good evidence that garlic possesses antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoan and even insect-repellent properties. Given the recent surge of the West Nile virus spread by infected mosquitoes, it is interesting to explore the value of garlic as one more method for avoiding mosquito bites. A number of studies have shown that the oil fraction of garlic destroys certain species of mosquito larvae. Garlic sprays (made primarily with garlic extract) are available on the market for us on plants as an alternative botanical pesticide to chemical pesticides. The sulfurs contained within the garlic extract have been shown to be effective against a wide range of insects, including mosquitoes, and the lingering odor can deter mosquitoes from the area for weeks. It is thought that garlic may be an alternative mosquito repellent for humans as well. In a field study conducted in India, a preparation made of 1 percent garlic oil, petroleum jelly and beeswax that was rubbed on the arms and legs of study subjects was found to be effective in preventing mosquito bites for up to eight hours. In addition, there is some evidence that heavy consumption of garlic through supplements or well-flavored foods may help ward off mosquitoes. When garlic is eaten and its components are metabolized, compounds are released from the body through the skin and the breath. (http://www. straightdope. com/columns/read/2177/does-garlic-repel-mosquitoes) REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES Allium sativum yields allicin, an antibiotic and antifungal compound (phytoncide). It has been claimed that it can be used as a home remedy to help speed recovery from strep throat or other minor ailments because of its antibiotic properties. It also contains the sulfur-containing compounds alliin, ajoene, diallylsulfide, dithiin, S-allylcysteine, and enzymes, B vitamins, proteins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, and Maillard reaction products, which are not sulfur-containing compounds. Furthermore, a phytoalexin (allixin) was found, inhibiting skin tumor formation. Herin, allixin and/or its analogs may be expected useful compounds for cancer prevention or chemotherapy agents for other diseases (Ejaz et al. ,2003) The composition of the bulbs is approximately 84. 09% water, 13. 38% organic matter, and 1. 53% inorganic matter, while the leaves are 87. 14% water, 11. 27% organic matter, and 1. 59% inorganic matter. Fresh C. citratus grass contains approximately 0. 4% volatile oil. The oil contains 65% to 85% citral, a mixture of 2 geometric isomers, geraniol and neral. Related compounds geraniol, geranic acid, and nerolic acid have also been identified. More than a dozen other minor fragrant components were also found. Research has shown geraniol to be an effective plant based mosquito repellant (Rumor Kiddo). A study in Kilimanjaro region, north eastern of Tanzania found that the essential oils from of Ocimum Suaveand Ocimum Kilimandscharicum were effective against biting mosquitoes in terms of feeding inhibition, knockdown effect and mortality (Kweka, 2008). A review of plant based repellents showed that there were several plants which repelled biting arthropod. Yet, 30 species of the plants reviewed was found to have some harmful effects to humans like skin irritations and cancer causing (Maia and Moore, 2011). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION After the data were collected, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. Table 1: The number of mosquitoes repelled in the three (3) treatments. A B C A B C STEP 1: N T T? SSB= STEP 2: SS= SS= STEP 3: C= T? /N C= C= STEP 4: SST= SS-C SST= SST= STEP 5: SSB= [T1? /N + T2? /N + T3? /N] SSB= STEP 6: SSW= SST-SSB SSB= SSB= STEP 7: Sum of Square DF Mean Square Source of Variation Within Groups RATIO T. V Findings: CV ( ) TV ( ) Decision: Reject Ho Analysis: The proportion of Theobroma cacao leaves and Allium Sativum bulb has a significant difference in the repellent activity. The data on repelling the mosquitoes were subjected by one way analysis of variance. It was found out that the different proportions of Theobroma cacao and Allium Sativum affect the number of mosquitoes being repelled. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, the researchers concluded that Theobroma cacao (cacao) leaves and Allium \ Sativum (garlic) bulb decoction is effective in repelling in terms of number of mosquitoes transferred to the other side of the container. Moreover, the decoction coming from 300 g of Theobroma cacao (cacao) leaves and Allium Sativum (garlic) bulb can repel the mosquitoes effectively than the other two. RECOMMENDATIONS The researchers recommend, increasing the population of the subjects so that they are not well dispersed inside the 15†x15† cage. In so doing, they can immediately transfer to the untreated area. Lastly, it is endorsed that the time in minutes in testing treatment C be varied to determine if the repellency of the product is long. BIBLIOGRAPHIES Books McClung, Robert M. Aquatic Insects and How They Live. U. S. A. : William Morrow and Company Inc. , 1971. Publications. Barnard, Donald R. et al. â€Å"Standard Method for Testing Mosquito Repellant. † Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 21 (4) (2005). Ejaz, S. , L. C. Woong and A. Ejaz. â€Å"Extract of Garlic (Allium Sativum) In Cancer Chemoprevention. Experimental Oncology. 25, 93-97 (June 2003). Foster, Woodbridge A. â€Å"Mosquito Sugar Feeding and Reproductive Energetics. † Kweka, Eliningaya J. et al. â€Å"Ethnobotanical study of some of mosquito repellant plants in north-eastern Tanzania. † Malaria Journal. 7 (152) (2008). Maia, Marta Ferreira and Sarah J. Moore. â€Å"Plant-based insect repellants: a review of their efficacy, Development and testing. † Malaria Journal(2001). Unpublished Materials City Epidemiology Statistics and Surveillance Unit. â€Å"Dengue Surveillance 2013,† MW #26. Internet Sources http://www. annualreviews. org/doi/abs/10. 1146/annurev. en. 40. 010195. 002303? journalCode=ento http://www. mercola. com/article/pesticides/deet. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Coumarin http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_do_mosquitoes_hate http://www. savatree. com/garlic-insect-repellent. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mosquito http://www. straightdope. com/columns/read/2177/does-garlic-repel-mosquitoes APPENDICES APPENDIX A REQUEST LETTER TALAMBAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL TALAMBAN CEBU CITY JANUARY 12, 2013 RHODA S. CARIEGO Research 1 Talamban National High School Talamban Cebu, City Madam: We, the undersigned students of Research 1, are conducting a research entitled Theobroma cacao leaves (cacao leaves) and Allium Sativum (garlic) as mosquito repellent spray. And we hereby ask you to be our research adviser. We are hoping for your positive response to this matter. Thank you and God bless. Sincerely yours, QUEENIBEL S. ARRIESGADO KRISTINE JANE A. BORCES DOMINIQUE FATIMA G. CABANSAY JOBELYN B. COGTAS JOSE PATERNO MONTESCLAROS MARY ROSE A. TELAMO Noted: CELIA C. GEPITULAN Research Teacher APPENDIX B TRANSMITTAL LETTER TALAMBAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL TALAMBAN CEBU CITY JANUARY 12, 2013 DR. MA. JESSICA N. ABAYON PRINCIPAL I Talamban National High School Talamban Cebu, City Madam: As a requirement for our Research II subject we are asking your permission that we, the researchers would be allowed to use the equipment in Science Laboratory for our Investigatory Projects since the school has all the necessary materials for this study. Your approval would be highly appreciated. We are hoping for a positive response. Thank you and God bless. Sincerely Yours, QUEENIBEL S. ARRIESGADO KRISTINE JANE A. BORCES DOMINIQUE FATIMA G. CABANSAY JOBELYN B. COGTAS JOSE PATERNO MONTESCLAROS MARY ROSE A. TELAMO Noted: RHODA S. CARIEGO Research Adviser APPENDIX C TRANSMITTAL LETTER TALAMBAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL TALAMBAN CEBU CITY JANUARY 12, 2013 DR. ZENAIDA C. GRAPA Master Teacher II Talamban National High School Talamban Cebu, City Madam: As a requirement for our Research II subject we are asking your permission that we, the researchers would be allowed to use the equipment in Science Laboratory for our Investigatory Projects since the school has all the necessary materials for this study. Moreover, we are asking from your good office for financial assistance to make this project successful. Your approval would be highly appreciated. We are hoping for a positive response. Thank you and God bless. Sincerely Yours, QUEENIBEL S. ARRIESGADO KRISTINE JANE A. BORCES DOMINIQUE FATIMA G. CABANSAY JOBELYN B. COGTAS JOSE PATERNO MONTESCLAROS MARY ROSE A. TELAMO Noted: RHODA S. CARIEGO Research Adviser APPENDIX D TRANSMITTAL LETTER TALAMBAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL TALAMBAN,CEBU CITY JANUARY 13,2014 CELIA GEPITULAN Research I Talamban National High School Talamban Cebu, City Madam: We, the undersigned students of Research I, are conducting a research entitled â€Å"Theobroma cacao (cacao leaves) and Allium sativum (garlic) as mosquito repellent spray. And we hereby ask you to borrow the three mosquito cages in the science laboratory. Whatever damage that may happen it will be our responsibility. Your approval will contribute a great help in our research. Thank you and God bless. Sincerely yours, QUEENIBEL S. ARRIESGADO KRISTINE JANE A. BORCES DOMINIQUE FATIMA G. CABANSAY JOBELYN B. COGTAS JOSE PATERNO MONTESCLAROS MARY ROSE A. TELAMO Noted: CELIA GEPITULAN RESEARCH I

Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care Essay Essay Example

Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care Essay Essay Principles of safeguarding and protection in wellness and societal. Ai ;Physical Abuse is when person causes feelings of physical hurting. hurt other agony or bodily injury. such as hitting. kicking. rubing. squeezing. agitating. Sexual Abuse is where you are forced to make. state and watch sexual things. Eg ; being undressed or holding sexual contact when you do non desire to or even touching another individual. being made to state sexual things and being made to watch erotica is besides sexual maltreatment. Emotional Abuse is a signifier of power that person has over you to do depression. anxiousness. emphasis. It is strong-arming person by naming them names that hurts their feeling or to frighten them and even endanger them. Fiscal Abuse is when another individual bargains or takes something that belongs to you. Eg ; stealing your money. doing you buy things you are non willing to. declining to let persons to pull off their fundss and flim-flaming persons to manus over their belongings. Institutional Abuse is non merely confined to big scale physi cal or sexual maltreatment. persons can besides be abused in many other ways in settngs where they could exoect to be cared for and protected. Eg ; Individuals non given pick over determinations ( repasts. excursions. clothing. ) Mistreated to their medicine. Privacy and self-respect besides non respected. Self-neglect is when an single disregards to go to to their basic demands. Eg ; personal hygiene. visual aspect. feeding non trouble oneselfing to obtain medical aid or an unwillingness to see people or travel out. Disregard by others is when the victim is being looked after by person else but fails to supply equal attention. For illustration failure to supply sufficient supervising. nutrient or medical attention. or the failure to carry through other demands that the victim is unable to supply for herself or himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Signs and symptoms of maltreatment.Physical maltreatmentAii ;BruisingFracturesNathan birnbaumsFearDepressionWeight lossAssaultHuddlingFlinchingWelch MarkssMalnutritionUntreated medical jobsBed soresConfusionOver sedationEmotional maltreatment: .FearDepressionConfusionLoss of slumberChange in behaviorOnset of phobic disorderNo communicatingSexual Maltreatment:Loss of slumberDiseasesRepeated urinary infectionsBruisingTenderness around the genitaliasTorn. stained bloody underwear or bed sheetsPreoccupation with anything sexualExcessive lavationReluctance to be entirely with an unknown personFiscal Maltreatment:Unexplained loss of fundsor withdrawels from bank histories Inability to pay measuresChange in lifestyle/standard of lifeBasic needs non being metLoss of belongingsUnnecessary edifice work or fixs to belongingsNot swearing anyone around themSelf-neglect:Poor hygiene ( odor of urine fecal matters )DehydrationWeight lossAbnormal organic structure tempInappropriate vestureNot taking medicineInfectionsIllnesssInstitutional maltreatment:No flexibleness at bed clipWaking up to a modus operandiDirty beds and vestureMissing vesture. ownerships. paperss and lettersExcessive or deficiency of medicineLack of consideration of dietetic requirement’sAiii ;If you was to surmise an person was being abused you should describe your concerns to the director. Besides ask to compose a private history for your records. doing certain it doesn’t travel in the attention program in instance the maltreater comes across it. Aiv ;If a client was to state you they are being abused. you should halt what you’re making and listen carefully to them. All conversations should be treated with assurance and information merely passed on to those who need to cognize. Even if the individual speaks in the strictest of assurance. line directors must still be informed and the treatment must be written down. Never agree with the client that you wont state anyone else. Say that you’ll merely state person who can make something about it. Av ; Make a written record of messages ( e. g reply phones ) to guarantee they are non lost. Include the day of the month and clip and subscribe them. Ensure written records ( notes. letters. bank statements. medicine records etc ) are kept in a safe topographic point. Make non clean up up. wash apparels. bedding or any other points. Do non seek to unclutter or clean up things up Try non to touch anything un ; ess you have to for the immediate well-being of the victim- if you have to seek do a record of what you have done. If any sexual offense is suspected attempt to deter the vicim from rinsing. imbibing. cleaning their dentitions or traveling to the toulet until the constabularies are present. Continue anything used to warm or soothe the victim ( E. g: a cover ) . If you can seek to guarantee that the alleged culprit does non hold any contact with the victim. Record any physical marks or hurts utilizing a organic structure A ; map or manus pulling write a description of any physical marks or hurts including size. determine color etc. Always retrieve to subscribe and day of the month your notes and any other records you have made. Avi. Avii: No secrets- set out a codification of pattern of how commissioners and suppliers of attention services should protect vulnerable grownups. Condemnable records bureau- DBS will filtrate certain old and minor cautiousnesss and strong beliefs. rebukes and warnings from condemnable records certifications. DBS- Disclosure and blackball service. In safe custodies ( wales merely ) sets out functions and duties of CCIW in relation to other statutory organic structures including local governments who have the lead function in organizing the development of local policies and processs in grownup protection. Office of the public guardian -agency with duties so extend across England and Waless. If supports the public quardian in the enrollment of digesting powers of lawyer and permanent powers of lawyer and the supervising of debuties appointed by the tribunal of protection. The codification of practice- sets out the standards against which a registered suppliers conformity with the demands asso ciating to cleanliness and infection control will be assessed by the attention quality committee. It besides provides counsel on how the supplier can construe and run into the enrollment demand and comply with the jurisprudence. Local Partnership boards- committed to forestalling the maltreatment of grownups and reacting quickly when maltreatment is suspected. Safeguarding grownups means that local governments. constabulary and NHS bureaus involved with grownups who might be at hazard of maltreatment have a responsibility of attention to guarantee that processs are in topographic point. that encourage coverage of suspected maltreatment. and take action to halt the maltreatment. Care Quality Organisations ( CQC ) registered over 18. 000 attention places and print all review studies. which cheque on the indispensable criterions of quality and safety. Aviii: Social worker- Protect and support vulnerable people. and put them in a safe environment off from hazard of danger. A hazard appraisal is used to make up ones mind what aid is needed and the right actions to take. They besides investigate any studies. Police- Protect the community. investigate allegations of maltreatment. fix tribunal instances and do instance studies. Informal bureaus or 3rd sector agencies- Research and raise consciousness. campains. charities. Offer support ( reding services ) Health attention practitioners- Perform scrutinies and study happening relevant governments. Serious instance reappraisal chair person- Review serious probes and/or failures that have antecedently been investigated and look at what changed demand to be made. Aix: Many local Governments run free. multi-agency. safeguarding classs for anyone who works with vulnerable kids and grownups. and so should any nice employer in this field. Ask your workplace preparation section about this. You can besides happen more information through their local safeguarding squad in the Social Services Department or the Independent Safeguarding Authority. Direct. gov Cqc. org. United KingdomLancashire county council.

Ethics and clinical trials

Spanish Work essays

Spanish Work essays SUBJECT OBJECTDIRECT INDIRECT REFLEXIVE AFTERPREPOSITION POSSESSIVE* yoI me meme memyself mà ­me mà ­o, mà ­a, mà ­os, mà ­asmine tà ºyou te teyou teyourself tiyou tuyo,-a,-os,-asyours lhe lo lehim sehimself lhim suyo,-a,-os,-ashis ellashe la leher seherself ellaher suyo,-a,-os,-ashers ustedyou lo,la leyou seyourself ustedyou suyo,-a,-os,-asyours nosotros,-aswe nos nosus nosourselves nosotros,-asus nuestro,-a,-os,-asours vosotros,-asyou os osyou osyourselves vosotros,-asyou vuestro,-a,-os,-asyours ellosthey los lesthem sethemselves ellosthem suyo,-a,-os,-astheirs ellasthey las lesthem sethemselves ellasthem suyo,-a,-o,-astheirs ustedesyou los,las lesyou seyourselves ustedesyou suyo,-a,-os,-asyours I studied this table, and recited all of this by memory. I am supposed to know these already, but I had forgotten them. This may not seem very relevant to other classmates, but in my case, I needed to refresh my memory. Conocer Gustar Llamar Saber Usar Decir Hacer Parecer Significar Ver For these verbs, I conjugated them (in the present, imperfect, preterit, and Present Subjective) and learned their meanings. From what I could conclude, (and it took longer than an hour to translate) this article is about the attempts by the government of Ceuta (part of Spain in Africa) to provide an education for some Moroccan students and about the Ceuti parents who tried to block the Moroccan students from attending their school. This article is from the November 17, 2000 edition of the Spanish newspaper El Paà ­s (elpais.es) Los menores marroquà ­es vuelven al colegio pà ºblico de Ceuta escoltados por la policà ­a " ¡No los queremos aquà ­!", gritaron los padres de alumnos espa ...

Corporate Environmental and Social Management Essay

Corporate Environmental and Social Management - Essay Example Over time such problems gave rise to the growing consciousness of environmental protection and preservation. Business firms, governments and general public in the world started to seek for activities that are sustainable towards the environment. However, it was noted that the private and public authorities in the developed nations like U.S., U.K. and Japan were much more aware about the worth and importance of environmental protection that the individuals of the underdeveloped or developing nations like China, Pakistan and India. The level of literacy in the developed economies on average is more than 90%, on contrast to this figure approximately 40% of the individuals in the developing economies, are literate (Tantawi, 2009). Literate individuals in the developed countries understand the requirement of protecting the ecological balance in the globe in a much better manner compared to the illiterate individuals of the developing nations. The government authorities in the developing nations allocate maximum finance and awareness in activities directing towards economic growth. They are less concerned about the environment elated matters in contrast to the government authorities in developed nations. Like in all the Five Year Plans introduced by the government of India, very less importance is provided to matters relating to protection and preservation of environment (Vezzoli and Manzini, 2008). The population strength in the developed nations is lower compared to the developing countries. Excessive population pressure in the developing nations like China and India often degrades the quality of environment. This is because higher population generates large amount of water, air, thermal and noise pollution across these nations. On the other hand, the countries like Scotland, Switzerland and Finland are nations with low population